I’m having the same problem for Mac Catalyst with Apple silicon, macOS Sonoma 14.1, Xcode 15.0.1. It still works as expected on Intel, macOS Monterey 12.7, Xcode 14.2.
In Xcode 15, I noticed that attempting to set modalPresentationStyle on the UIAlertController to .popover has no effect. It remains its default, .custom, so a UIPopoverPresentationController is not created in the alert controller. The expected popover behavior works fine for view controllers of other types.
I prefer to get UIAlertControllers working again, but in the meantime I created a simple action sheet-style VC that I use as a replacement for actionSheet-popover UIAlertControllers with Mac Catalyst. Like so…
#if targetEnvironment(macCatalyst)
let alert = SimpleActionSheetVC()
…
#else
let alert = UIAlertController(title: nil, message: nil, preferredStyle: .actionSheet)
…
#endif