Application Errors

Certain types of application errors typically cause Cocoa applications to exit abruptly. You can use a user default, NSExceptionHandlingMask, to control this behavior (for Application Kit-based applications only) for three of the most common classes of such errors:

• uncaught NSExceptions;

• system-level exceptions (such as invalid memory accesses)

• Objective-C runtime errors (such as messages sent to freed objects).

For these error types you can set NSExceptionHandlingMask to do one of the following actions:

• Print a descriptive log and a stack trace to the console when such an error occurs.

• Handle the error in such a way as to prevent the resulting abrupt termination,

• Do both of the above.

You construct the mask by adding the values corresponding to the types of errors to be logged or handled:

Thus, if you enter the following on the command line (in the Terminal application):

defaults write NSGlobalDomain NSExceptionHandlingMask 63

you cause the logging and handling behavior described above for all uncaught exceptions, system-level exceptions, and runtime errors in all applications.

The word "handle" in the exception-handling constants has a specific meaning depending on the type of exception. The Exception Handling framework handles system-level exceptions and runtime errors by converting them into NSException objects. These exception objects contain a stack trace in their userInfodictionary under the key NSStackTraceKey. The framework handles uncaught NSException objects by terminating the thread in which they occur. Exceptions on the main thread of a Cocoa application are caught by the top-level handlers, which are usually installed by the Application Kit.

Instead of the NSExceptionHandlingMask user default, you can use the setExceptionHandlingMask: method of the Exception Handling framework to get the same exception-handling behavior. For both application and non-application Cocoa executables, link against the Exception Handling framework and send the following message:

[[NSExceptionHandler defaultExceptionHandler] setExceptionHandlingMask: aMask]

The aMask parameter is a bit mask composed by bitwise-ORing the constants listed in the table above. See the header files of the Exception Handling framework for more details on the NSExceptionHandler API.

Debugging Aids

For debugging purposes, it is also possible to use the same mechanisms to report on NSExceptions that would otherwise be caught. You can also use either the NSExceptionHandlingMask property of the defaults system for this purpose or the setExceptionHandlingMask: method of the NSExceptionHandler class. The related constants and values are listed in the following table:

In these cases, handling an exception means nothing more than adding a stack trace to its userInfo dictionary under the key NSStackTraceKey. Note that caught exceptions should be logged or handled only for debugging, not under normal circumstances, because doing so may generate large amounts of output, or alter the normal behavior of applications.

For further debugging purposes, you can change the handling behavior for any condition handled by NSExceptionHandler so that the application is instead halted so a debugger can be attached. You can control this behavior with summed values for the NSExceptionHangingMask user default or with the bit mask passed into the setExceptionHangingMask: of the NSExceptionHandler class. The following table lists the valid constants and defaults values:

Printing Symbolic Stack Traces

As a aid to debugging, you can use the atos command-line utility to convert numeric stack traces into symbolic form. (See the atos(1) man page for details of this command-line utility.)

Instead of switching between Xcode an a Terminal shell, you can add code to your program that uses atos to print a symbolic stack trace to the console. Listing 1 shows how you do this. The method printStackTrace: extracts the (numeric) stack trace from the passed-in NSException object and then constructs an NSTask object that represents the atos command with the stack trace as a parameter. It launches the subtask and the resulting symbolic backtrace is printed to standard output (which is the run log in Xcode).

Listing 1  A method that prints a symbolic back trace of an exception

- (BOOL)exceptionHandler:(NSExceptionHandler *)sender shouldLogException:(NSException *)exception mask:(unsigned int)mask

{

    [self printStackTrace:exception];

    return YES;

}

- (void)printStackTrace:(NSException *)e

{

    NSString *stack = [[e userInfo] objectForKey:NSStackTraceKey];

    if (stack) {

        NSTask *ls = [[NSTask alloc] init];

        NSString *pid = [[NSNumber numberWithInt:[[NSProcessInfo processInfo] processIdentifier]] stringValue];

        NSMutableArray *args = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:20];

        [args addObject:@"-p"];

        [args addObject:pid];

        [args addObjectsFromArray:[stack componentsSeparatedByString:@"  "]];

        // Note: function addresses are separated by double spaces, not a single space.

        [ls setLaunchPath:@"/usr/bin/atos"];

        [ls setArguments:args];

        [ls launch];

        [ls release];

    } else {

        NSLog(@"No stack trace available.");

    }

}

In this example, the delegate invokes the printStackTrace: method in its implementation of exceptionHandler:shouldLogException:mask:; at this point, the exception is being handled, but has not yet caused termination of the debugged executable. The output of the atos utility, when combined with the NSExceptionHandler log information, looks similar to Listing 2.

Listing 2  Content of NSExceptionHandler log plus atos output

2006-08-21 12:18:19.727 ExceptionHandleTest[916] NSExceptionHandler has recorded the following exception:

NSInvalidArgumentException -- *** -[NSCFString count]: selector not recognized [self = 0x2a00c]

Stack trace:  0x9275c27b  0x92782fd7  0x9280b0be  0x9272f207  0x90a51ba1  0x0002995f  0x00023f81  0x00001ca6  0x00001bcd  0x00000001

__NSRaiseError (in Foundation)

+[NSException raise:format:] (in Foundation)

-[NSObject doesNotRecognizeSelector:] (in Foundation)

-[NSObject(NSForwardInvocation) forward::] (in Foundation)

__objc_msgForward (in libobjc.A.dylib)

-[ExceptionTest testException] (in ExceptionHandleTest) (ExceptionTest.m:31)

_main (in ExceptionHandleTest) (ExceptionHandleTest.m:10)

start (in ExceptionHandleTest)

start (in ExceptionHandleTest)

0x00000001 (in ExceptionHandleTest)

There are other ways of accomplishing the same result. For example, the method that prints the symbolic stack trace could be on a category added to NSException instead of a method of the delegate’s class.